Explaining Price/Earnings in Plain English to Judge Current Valuations

We have all heard the adage to buy low and sell high. That sounds great, but what exactly does that mean within the world of stock and bond investing? One of the most fundamental measurements in making this assessment is the price to earnings ratio (P/E). Essentially when you are buying a stock or a bond, you are buying a future income stream generated by earnings. If you pay a high price for those earnings, you are limiting the likely possibility for appreciation. The reverse, of course, is similarly the case.

Allow me to expound upon this concept in plain English. Let’s say we own a lemonade business that earned $10,000 and has issued 10,000 shares of outstanding stock. In that case we would have earned $1 per share. Now, let’s say our company earns $1 per share, but is trading at a price of $15 per share, then our price relative to earnings or P/E ratio is 15. If earnings remain flat but the price of our stock goes to 25, then our P/E ratio would escalate to 25.

 

The S&P500 is a composite of 500 stocks listed in the U.S. from vast and diverse sectors of the economy. The historical median score for the P/E of the S&P 500 is around 15. When the P/E falls within single digits, the market is considered cheap and undervalued. Buying into the S&P 500 when its P/E is within the single digit range is the classic definition of “buying low”. Buying into the S&P 500 when its P/E is around 15 means that based on this measure, one should anticipate an average prospective return.

 Today, the P/E for the S&P 500 is a bit over 25. Going back to our lemonade example, if our lemonade company were trading at the current level of the S&P 500, it would mean that investors would be buying into a company trading at 25x its current earnings. Evaluating long-term P/E ratios of the S&P 500  averaged over a ten year rolling term, and comparing where the number is today indicates that we sit today at the second highest level ever, and only exceeded in the year 2000 at the peak of the dot com era.

So far in 2017, nearly half of the gains in the S&P 500 index have come from just 10 companies. And, to even further elucidate how narrow the range has been, the vast majority of these gains have come from just five companies. To provide a greater sense of the degree to which the major indexes such as the S&P 500 and Nasdaq have been pushed higher by a slim margin of companies with extended P/E ratios, I would like to provide some examples. The trailing twelve month P/E ratios for Amazon, Netflix, Facebook, Microsoft, and Google are 178.5, 205, 38.21, 30.2, and 32.30 respectively. That means investors in Amazon are paying 178.5x earnings generated over the last twelve months. Netflix investors are paying 205x earnings, and investors in Facebook are paying 38.21x earnings.

Passive index funds have experienced the greatest inflows of capital over the last nine years. In fact, over this time frame, inflows into such funds have grown at an annual rate of somewhere estimated around 20%-25%. Indexes, and therefore the index funds which are designed to mimic the index, are disproportionately weighted to companies with the largest market capitalizations, and therefore commonly those with the most elevated P/E ratios. For example, within the S&P 500, Apple constitutes about 3.5% of the index. Facebook comprises 1.6% of the index. Amazon counts for 1.7%, and Microsoft and Google each comprise roughly 2.5%. With respect to the Nasdaq, Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Facebook comprise 12%,7%,9%,8%, and 5.5% respectively. So, as all of this money has flowed into passive index funds post the financial crisis, most of it has concentrated amongst a relatively minute number of companies.

By investing into index funds, investors have ignored market valuations and concentrations. It is tantamount to investors buying shares in my lemonade business at wildly high multiples and expecting that my earnings will somehow skyrocket and/or that the price other buyers will pay for my lemonade will continue to increase pushing multiples to even greater extremes. If we are to buy low and sell high, now is a critical time to evaluate your holdings.

 

 

 

 

 

The opinions voiced in this material are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. To determine which investment(s) may be appropriate for you, consult your financial advisor prior to investing.  All performance referenced is historical and is no guarantee of future results. There is no assurance any of the trends mentioned will continue in the future.

All indices are unmanaged and cannot be invested into directly. Unmanaged index returns do not reflect fees, expenses, or sales charges. Index performance is not indicative of the performance of any investment.

How a Pension Valuation Can Be Used to Negotiate a Marital Settlement Agreement

 Marital Assets

Home worth $500,000. No mortgage. Husband’s 401k worth $750,000. Wife’s 403b worth $150,000. Non-retirement investments also worth $120,000. Husband and Wife each have defined benefit pension plans.

 

Income

Husband earns $110,000. Wife earns $80,000

Wife’s Proposal

Divorce is initiated by Wife. She seeks no alimony. She establishes that she must retain ownership of the home ($500,000 asset) and that she will offset this $500,000 amount from Husband’s 401k of $750,000 leaving $250,000 that she says should be split in half thereby asserting her claim to $125,000 of his 401k. She also says her 403b amount of $150,000 should be split in half or $75,000 to each, and proposes to subtract this $75,000 from the $125,000 that she is “owed” from his 401k. She also says that she will retain her pension and Husband will retain his pension.

 

Reality Derived from Valuations

The cost basis in the home is $260,000. Therefore, if Wife retains ownership exclusively, her net equity will be below the $250,000 taxable exclusion, making the house a tax-free asset for her. In contrast, his 401k and her 403b are subject to full income tax rates. Conservatively, we attributed a 25% tax rate to each, resulting in a net value of $563,000 and $113,000 for his 401k and her 403b respectively. Analyzing the tax ramifications for the different assets punctured a hole in Wife’s proposal. With the tax analysis overlay, the home equity and the value of Husband’s 401k were almost the same. She quickly backed down from asserting rights to his 401k.

The other part of the analysis that punctured Wife’s proposal emerged from getting more data on each pension plan. From each spouse’s plan administrator, we learned that in 8 years, she is eligible for full retirement pension benefits of $3340/month, and that he was eligible for $2200/month in that same year. Not only are the monthly distribution amounts not equivalent, but additionally the life expectancy and mortality rates are very different based on their ages and gender. In fact, the net present value of her pension came to almost $800,000 where his came to about $400,000.

 

Outcome

Although the parties were initially diametrically opposed, and Husband felt that Wife’s proposal would have taken him to the cleaners, as a result of the financial analysis, Husband will not have to share any of his 401k, and other than a small stipend as an emergency cash cushion for Wife, Husband will receive all non-retirement investments. Each will retain his and her pension, and Wife will retain the house. Agreement was reached because now Husband has adequate cash to make a down payment on a home for himself. Under Wife’s proposal, he would have had to not only turn over some of his 401k to her, but he would have also had to have borrowed from the 401k in order to make a down payment.

 

Moral of the Story

Although Wife’s proposal on its face seemed very logical and reasonable, exposing the implications of both the latent tax and pension valuations that were unknown to the parties facilitated compromise and negotiation and a shift in the power play where each side got enough of what was important to him and her to settle. Imagine how Husband or Husband’s counsel would have felt had they failed to identify the rationale for such valuations and their ultimate impact on the terms of the marital settlement agreement. 

 

This is a hypothetical example and is not representative of any specific situation. Your results will vary.

The financial and investment impact of divorce

With the Market at Historical Highs, Now What?

With the Dow up almost 15% measured from days before the November 8th election to the middle of February, which is equivalent to an annualized return of almost 60%, the question becomes is this the time to reassess the way your retirement savings are allocated. Here are ten facts which don't always make their way to main street, but have significant impact on that question.   Federal tax receipts have gone negative for the first time since the last recession. Job growth at S&P 500 companies has turned negative for the first time since the last recession. The U.S. trade deficit in 2016 was the largest in four years. The latest labor report indicated the largest decline in average weekly hours since the recession of 2008. The economy, eight plus years past the Great Recession, has grown at an anemic rate of only 1.5%-2%. In fact, President Obama's term as president will go down as the only presidential term in modern American history never to have had a year where the economy grew at least 3%, and he had two terms to achieve this. The price to sales ratio today for the S&P 500 is amongst the highest ever recorded. The price to earnings ratio averaged over a ten year period is almost at its 1929 level, exceeds the level reached prior to the Great Recession, and has only been higher at the peak of the dot com period in 2000. The Federal Reserve has propped up asset prices over the last nine years through printing money to purchase mortgages and bonds held on the balance sheets of banks in order to create a market for these securities, thereby reducing interest rates far below where the free market would likely have set them. They are now reversing course by both raising interest rates, and just as importantly, reducing the size of their balance sheet, which will also cause interest rates to rise. The U.S. dollar has risen considerably over the last year. This makes U.S. exports that much more expensive and increases the trade deficit. The market is pricing in all the positive elements of President Trump's campaign economic policies, including mainly massive tax reduction, infrastructure spending, and deregulation. For whatever reason, it is ignoring the negative consequences of what he simultaneously has promoted, namely tariffs, protectionism, isolationism, and scrapping trade agreements. The market for some reason is also ignoring the geopolitical risks associated with a Trump administration. Instead of focusing on tax policy, infrastructure projects, and areas where regulations could be modified to promote more economic growth, so much of the President's first month in office has been riddled with crowd size, assault on the media, botched travel policies, tensions with important allies and trade partners including Mexico, Australia, China, and the U.K., and a resignation of a high cabinet appointment with ties to Russia that provides impetus to investigate the President's potential knowledge or involvement. The amalgamation of these events impact the President's focus and undermine the likelihood that all of his economic agenda will be supported by Congress. The euphoria in the market is also ignoring provocations from Iran, North Korea, and Russia as well as the costs of military engagements especially in a period of lower tax revenues.     We are living in an unconventional world mired with extreme uncertainty, all of which are currently being dismissed by the market. In such an unconventional world, one should not approach his or her investments or investment management with conventional tools. The euphoria in the stock market today is reminiscent to me of similar emotions and confidence in real estate before the implosion. Notwithstanding the lowest interest rates in recorded history and the rally in asset prices, most people's homes today are still pretty far below their valuations reached a decade ago. History may not necessarily repeat, but it rhymes. I am always happy to help with outside the box thinking and strategies most appropriate for current market conditions and risks. Wishing you all the best,   Greg Gann           The opinions voiced in this material are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. All performance referenced is historical and is no guarantee of future results. All indices are unmanaged and may not be invested into directly. The economic forecasts set forth in this material may not develop as predicted.

Buy Gold in Euros; Not Dollars

The S&P500 is at an all-time high. Will this last? Over the last two years, new highs have been erased with corrections, resulting in a market that until Brexit was trading sideways, and going virtually nowhere.

Britain voting to rescind its membership within the European Union was supposed to be a really bad thing. Yet, subsequent to what has been considered a devastating election outcome, markets have rallied. In the U.S., the market has broken out of its two year trading range. And, it seems as if a new all-time high is hit almost every day post Brexit. What gives? The only conclusion is that once again the market is interpreting bad news as good news in hopes of more easy monetary policies and low interest rates for longer.

The very same monetary policies and authorities who created inflated housing and stock markets before the 2008 crash are back at it. But this time, it is with vengeance. Interest rates around the world have never been lower. In fact, bonds issued by about a third of all the world’s developed countries issue negative interest rates. You have to pay Switzerland, Japan, and Germany for the privilege of lending them money. No thank you very much.

The July issue of the Felder Report illustrated how the inflation of asset prices relative to disposable income has never been higher, including the dot com and housing bubbles. For the last five quarters in a row, the cumulative earnings reported by the companies within the S&P 500 index have declined. World trade is compressed. And, gold which is a fear indicator has been by far one of the most superlative places to invest this year.

Because of the rise in gold prices this year, there has been tremendous demand for investing in the precious metal. Most Americans invest in gold denominated in dollars. There is generally a well -established relationship between gold and the U.S. dollar. The weaker the dollar, the stronger prices for gold go. Because of subpar GDP growth in the U.S. as well as other measures that do not indicate a strong economy, the U.S. dollar for the last year has declined.

The market is pricing in almost no chance for any significant interest rate increase in the U.S. before the end of 2017. All of this has led to a weaker dollar, and a boon for gold denominated in dollars. By loading up on gold expressed in U.S. dollars, investors are knowingly or unknowingly making a bet on when interest rates in the U.S. will rise and the inherent strength of the dollar. This to me is a big bet. Many of the same market participants who didn’t expect Britain to leave the EU are now betting on how far out the Fed will go before raising interest rates.

The stock market is trading in a way that is ignoring the fundamental weakness of the underlying economies. It is betting on more monetary stimulus and continued almost zero interest rate policy out to the distant future. Investing is about taking calculated risks. It should not be about gambling. This cycle has transpired longer than I imagined. Just like real estate that was appreciating from 2000 to 2007 at a rate far in excess of peoples’ wages, this cycle has gone for a long time.

I don’t know if the stock market can be compared to the housing market of 2005, or if it is more akin to the market of 2007, but for me, the mixed messages are disconcerting. There are many investments whose performance is agnostic to the direction of the market. One of these is gold. However, unlike the majority of U.S. investors who are allocating to gold denominated in dollars, I believe that notwithstanding our challenges, the U.S. is by far the strongest economy on the globe. I also feel that Europe is a grand experiment that is becoming undermined. For these reasons, where I am allocating to gold, I am doing so expressed in Euros. I believe these will appreciate not only with respect to appreciation of gold, but also relative to that appreciation compared with any depreciation in the Euro. I believe in the long term strength of the dollar, and I also believe that interest rates will rise sooner than the market is pricing. I also believe that the Euro will lose ground because of the fundamental weaknesses and challenges within the region. For all of these reasons, I want my gold measured in Euros, rather than dollars.

Unusual times call for outside the box thinking and strategies.

 

The opinions voiced in this material are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. To determine which investment(s) may be appropriate for you, consult your financial advisor prior to investing. The fast price swings in commodities and currencies will result in significant volatility in an investor’s holdings and may not be suitable for all investors. All performance referenced is historical and is no guarantee of future results. All indices are unmanaged and may not be invested into directly. There is no assurance any of the trends mentioned will continue in the future.

Why the Lower Wage Earner Should Request a Prenuptial

While it is certainly the case that I have female clients who earn more than their husbands, it is much more common, especially in a second marriage that the husband is the larger breadwinner. This reality is impacted by the fact that often the second wife is younger than her husband and therefore she didn’t have as a long an earnings history as her husband.

Especially for second (and subsequent) marriages, there are many reasons why the older, more established and financially secure spouse (husband) would want a prenuptial agreement. As the relationship deepens and the discussion of marriage ensues, broaching the subject of a prenuptial is front and center on the top wage earner’s mind. After all, his friends, relatives, and counsel all have his ear. Regardless how secure he feels in the relationship, there are still these voices in his head that come from these external sources which may make him question how much her interest in marrying him is related to financial security.

Instead of waiting for him to initiate the conversation, I suggest that it is in the best interest of the wife to suggest the prenuptial agreement before he does. After all, it is likely the million-pound gorilla underlying the wedding plans. I admit that there is some reverse psychology behind this suggestion. However, it could put the wife in the driver’s seat. He may be astounded that this was her idea which could make him agree to a whole lot more in the agreement than he would otherwise.  If there is going to be a prenuptial in any case, it is best to position oneself in the most opportune negotiating stance.

Incorporating psychology and outside the box thinking are what I most enjoy about my marital and divorce financial planning practice.

 

 

 

Divorce financial planning is a fee-only process that does not involve investment advice or securities transactions. All information provided herein is financial and educational in nature and should not be relied upon as legal or tax advice.  You should consult with your tax advisor or attorney regarding specific tax issues.

College Financial Assistance and Divorce

Many divorces occur concurrently with the last child leaving home for college. The questions to ask is how this will affect The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), and what are the respective financial planning opportunities.

FAFSA

Every year the U.S. Department of Education awards about $150 billion to help students pay for college. This federal student aid is awarded in the form of grants, work-study funds, and low interest loans. There is also aid from state government, scholarships, tax credits, and aid for the military.

For purposes of FAFSA, custody is established according to which parent the student lived with the most through the year. If the child when home lives mostly with his mom, then his mom’s financial information is all that FAFSA considers. Although the dad’s income might be high enough to preclude federal student aid, if the dad is not the custodial parent for purposes of FAFSA then his income is irrelevant and frankly not considered. If the couple were still married and/or still cohabitating, then his income would be factored into the equation.

Let’s say the mom is a social worker who earns $50,000/year while the dad is a surgeon who earns $350,000/year. Had the couple remained together, they would not have qualified for any federal student aid. However, upon divorcing, the mom as the custodial parent may qualify for such aid. Her assets and income, including any alimony would have to be revealed and factored in to determine the extent of eligibility, but the dad’s income would be ignored. I am involved with a case that meets this fact pattern. Mom will become the custodial parent. Her income is a small fraction of her husband’s. And, although she is likely to receive alimony, it might behoove the couple to engage collaboratively in divorce financial planning to transfer more of the husband’s retirement plan savings to the wife in exchange for less alimony as a way to support the educational financial planning opportunities.  The reason for this is because assets in a qualified retirement plan or IRA are excluded from FAFSA calculations. Therefore, if the wife can support herself on her salary and/or with additional but modest alimony, and if through the divorce agreement and transfer of enough assets from the husband’s retirement plan both she and the husband can live comfortably in retirement, then this might be a way of qualifying for federal student aid that would not otherwise have been available.

Remarriage and FAFSA

Although the dad’s income might be excluded from FAFSA calculations, if the wife remarries, her second husband’s income will be considered in arriving at any FAFSA eligibility. FAFSA looks at household income. Even though the step-dad might not share a biological bond with the student, his contributions to household income are relevant. Notwithstanding a prenuptial agreement to the contrary, the federal government still considers the step-parent as a source of support. This could possibly present a financial justification to delay a remarriage until after the child graduates from college.

Private versus Public Colleges

Most state universities use FAFSA to determine aid eligibility. However, many private colleges and universities use their own formulas to determine how much of their own available aid to award beyond what might be accessible through FAFSA. It is very common for private institutions to consider the income capacities of the custodial as well as the non-custodial parent as well as the earnings of step-parents. Not only are private tuitions significantly higher than those of public institutions, but additionally, they do not provide the same opportunities with respect to divorce and tuition planning. 

 

 

Divorce financial planning is a fee-only process that does not involve investment advice or securities transactions. All information provided herein is financial and educational in nature and should not be relied upon as legal or tax advice.  You should consult with your tax advisor or attorney regarding specific tax issues.